A progressive condition where the kidneys gradually lose function over time. It is defined as kidney damage or decreased kidney function lasting for three months or longer. Prevalence is rising due to aging populations, lifestyle factors, and increased rates of conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
Stages of CKD
- CKD is categorized into five stages based on the severity of kidney damage and decreased function.
- Stages range from Stage 1 (mild kidney damage) to Stage 5 (kidney failure or end-stage renal disease).
- Each stage is determined by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how effectively the kidneys filter waste from the blood.
Symptoms
- Fatigue
- Swelling (edema)
- Foamy urine
- Changes in urination frequency
- Difficulty concentrating
- Muscle cramps
Causes and Risk Factors:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Glomerulonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Recurrent kidney infections
- Other risk factors include obesity, smoking, older age, family history of kidney disease, and certain medications.
Diagnosis and Screening
- Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure creatinine levels and estimate GFR, urine tests to check for protein and blood, imaging tests (e.g., ultrasound), and kidney biopsy in some cases.
- Screening for CKD is recommended for individuals with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.
Management and Treatment
- Management focuses on slowing disease progression, managing symptoms, and preventing complications.
- Lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing underlying conditions like diabetes and hypertension are essential.
- Medications may be prescribed to control blood pressure, lower cholesterol, treat anaemia, and manage complications.
- In advanced stages, treatment options may include dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Prevention
- Early detection and intervention can help slow disease progression and improve outcomes.
- Preventive measures include managing risk factors, regular screening for kidney function, and adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Chronic Kidney Disease represents a significant public health challenge, requiring multidisciplinary approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and management to reduce its burden on individuals and healthcare systems globally.
